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Although it borrows ideas fromexisting languages,it has unusual properties that make effective Go programsdifferent in character from programs written in its relatives. Java programsare written in Java, not Go. On the other hand, thinking about the problem from a Goperspective could produce a successful but quite differentprogram. Go, such as naming, formatting, programconstruction, and so on, so that programs you writewill be easy for other Go programmers to understand. This document gives tips for writing clear, idiomatic Go code. Although it is a good guide to understand how to use the languageitself, thanks to the stability of the language, it says littleabout the libraries and nothing about significant changes to theGo ecosystem since it was written, such as the build system, testing,modules, and polymorphism. There are no plans to update it, as so much has happened and a largeand growing set of documents, blogs, and books do a fine job ofdescribing modern Go usage. Effective Go continues to be useful, but the reader shouldunderstand it is far from a complete guide. If you have a question about how to approach a problem or how somethingmight be implemented, the documentation, code and examples in thelibrary can provide answers, ideas andbackground. Formatting issues are the most contentiousbut the least consequential. The problem is how to approach this Utopia without a longprescriptive style guide. With Go we take an unusualapproach and let the machinetake care of most formatting issues. Go programand emits the source in a standard style of indentationand vertical alignment, retaining and if necessaryreformatting comments. If a line feels too long, wrap it and indent with an extra tab. Names are as important in Go as in any other language. When a package is imported, the package name becomes an accessor for thecontents. Err on the side of brevity, since everyone using yourpackage will be typing that name. In any case, confusion is rare because the file name in the importdetermines just which package is being used. The importer of a package will use the name to refer to its contents,so exported names in the package can use that factto avoid repetition. Use the package structure to help you choose good names. A helpful doc comment can often be more valuable than an extra long name. C, those semicolons do not appear in the source. Instead the lexer uses a simple rule to insert semicolons automaticallyas it scans, so the input text is mostly free of them. They are also necessary to separate multiplestatements on a line, should you write code that way. If you do, a semicolonwill be inserted before the brace, which could cause unwantedeffects. The control structures of Go are related to those of C but differin important ways. This is an example of a common situation where code must guard against asequence of error conditions. The code reads well if thesuccessful flow of control runs down the page, eliminating error casesas they arise. Go the scope of function parameters and return valuesis the same as the function body, even though they appear lexically outside the bracesthat enclose the body. There are three forms, only one of which has semicolons. Short declarations make it easy to declare the index variable right in the loop. Go terminology for asingle Unicode code point. A switch can also be used to discover the dynamic type of an interfacevariable. If the switch declares a variable in the expression, the variable willhave the corresponding type in each clause. In C, a write error is signaled by a negative count with theerror code secreted away in a volatile location. A similar approach obviates the need to pass a pointer to a returnvalue to simulate a reference parameter. Go function can be given names andused as regular variables, just like the incoming parameters. Because named results are initialized and tied to an unadorned return, they can simplifyas well as clarify. Thecanonical examples are unlocking a mutex or closing a file. Second, it means that the close sits near the open,which is much clearer than placing it at the end of the function. Besides avoiding worriesabout variables changing values as the function executes, this meansthat a single deferred call site can defer multiple functionexecutions. Amore plausible example is a simple way to trace function executionthrough the program. Thetracing routine can set up the argument to the untracing routine. They do different things and apply to different types, which can be confusing,but the rules are simple. In fact, taking the address of a composite literalallocates a fresh instance each time it is evaluated,so we can combine these last two lines. The fields of a composite literal are laid out in order and must all be present. As a limiting case, if a composite literal contains no fields at all, it createsa zero value for the type. Composite literals can also be created for arrays, slices, and maps,with the field labels being indices or map key filexlib.
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